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'AT  WDRK! 


TED   STATES  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR 

-  WASHINGTON,  D.C. 


OFFICE   OF  INDIAN   AFFAIRS 


'■ 


^SRARltS 


INDIANS  AT  WORK 

CONTENTS  OF   THE  ISSUE  OF  JUNE  1938 


Volume  V  Number  10 

Page 

Editorial   John  Collier 1 

The  Allotment  System:     One  Example  Of  The 

Result    5 

Potlatch  Scholarships  Homer  L.  Morrison  7 

Organization  News  10 

Indians  Stranded  By  Break-Up  Of  Circus  11 

Four  New  Hospitals  Serve  Indians 12 

Salem  Indian  School  58  Years  Old  15 

Conference  Of  Friends  Of  The  Indian  Discusses 

Current  Problems  In  Indian  Administration  16 

Indian  Road  Work  As  Training  For  Jobs  H.  J .  Doolittle  17 

News  Magazine  Reports  On  Conference  Of 
Friends  Of  The  Indian:   Commissioner 

Coll ier  Comments 18 

Blackfeet  Crafts  Workers  Ready  For  Summer 

Season  21 

Osage  Indian  Museum  Dedicated  May  2  -  3  • 24 

Two  Recent  Books  On  Indian  Literary  Heritage  25 

CCC  Anniversary  Celebrations  Showed  Wide 

Variety 26 

Buffalo  Nickel  To  Be  Minted  No  Longer    28 

What  The  Indian  Service  Is  Doing  For  Its  CCC 
Workers  In  The  Five  Civilized  Tribes  Area 

Of  Oklahoma R.  M.  Patterson    30 

Indians  In  The  News •  ■    34 

Seminoles  Participate  In  Florida  State  Fair    35 

Forum  On  Indian  Affairs  To  Be  Held  At  Seattle.   Lawrence  E.   Lindley  36 

CCC-ID  Personnel  At  Five  Tribes  Agency,   Okla- 
homa. Get  First-Aid  Certificates   John  P.   7/atson 37 

European  Woman  Declines  To  Come  To  America  - 

Fears  Indians    37 

Washington  Office  Visitors    39 

From  A  Half -Acre   Garden   > George  H.   Blakeslee    40 

Grey  Owl,   Well-Known  Canadian  Indian  Natural- 
ist, Dies Roy  E.   Hawkinson    41 

Contests  As  A  Spur  To  Home  Improvement    41 

A  School  Plant   Is  Developing  By  Indian  Labor..    Clair  Forrest  Maynard    ...  42 
From  CCC-ID  Reports    43 


A  Ne-v&s    Sh&T;  for   l«yictKis 


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VOLUME  V      cJUNE  1938         NUMBER  10 


In  a  recent   editorial,   minority  rights  and  self-restraint 
by  legislators  was  discussed.     The  occasion  was  a  dispute  which  had 
arisen  in  one  of  the  Plains  tribes.     Last   week,   unofficial  delega- 
tions from  two  Plains  reservations  discussed  their  situations  with 
the  Indian  Office  staff  at  Washington. 

For   simplicity,   I  mention  the  averments  of  only  one  of  the 
delegations.      It  represented  the  full-blood  and  the  tradition-de- 
voted element  of  the  tribe,   and  it  claimed  that   the  full-bloods  and 
their  sympathizers  were  a  big  majority  of  the  whole  electorate. 

However,   the  mixed-blood  group  had  won  at  the  election, 
and  the  Council  thereupon  had  enacted  ordinances  which  seemed,   to 
the  full-bloods,   too  complicated,    too   interfering,    too  much  like 
ostentatious  white -man  law. 

Together,  we  examined  the  constitution  adopted  by  this 
tribe  under   the  Reorganization  Act.     We  compared  it  with  this 
tribe's  constitution  which  had  been  operative  prior   to  the  Indian 
Reorganization  Act.     We  found  that  majority  rule,   by  an  electorate 
broken  down  into  districts,   was  many  years  old  in  the  tribe  -  it 
went  back  to  the  middle  1920 's  at  least. 

We  found  that  the  present  constitution  allowed  a  referen- 
dum on  all  ordinances,  with  the  majority  vote  given  conclusive 
weight. 


We  found  that  a  majority  vote  preceded  by  petition  could 
amend  the  constitution  in  any  particular,   and  that  a  majority  vote 
preceded  by  petition  could  cut  down  the  powers  granted  in  the  con- 
stitution or  could  abolish  the  constitution.     A  majority  vote  could 
terminate  organization,   forthwith. 

By  majority  vote,  the  tribe,  if  it  so  desired,  could  amend 
the  constitution  to  provide  for  the  enactment  of  ordinances  by  popu- 
lar initiative. 

We  found  that  under  the  old  constitution,    subordinate  to 
the  old  law,   the  tribe's  control  over  its  property  consisted  of  its 
right  under  a  treaty  to  consent  to  the  cession  of  land  to  the  gov- 
ernment,   through  a  vote  of  three-fourths  of  the  electorate. 

We  found  that  under  the  new  constitution,    controlled  by 
the  new  law,   this  protection  was  perpetuated,   and  that   in  additior 
alienation  of  land  to  anybody  was  prohibited  and  the  tribe  was  giv- 
en effective  power  in  the  use  of  its  own  funds. 

Why,   then,  were  the  full-blood  members  and  their  sympathiz- 
ers disturbed,   and  why  did  they  feel  helpless? 

The  answer  proved  to  be  as  simple  as  it  is  in  the  white 
politics  of  the  United  States.     The  "old-fashioned"   group,   assert- 
ing that   they  were  a  clear  majority,   added  the  information  that 
large  numbers  of  their   own  group  had  not  voted  and  would  not  vote. 
They  didn't  like  politics;    they  didn't  like  what  the  ruling  group 
did;   therefore,   they  boycotted  the  polls. 

Exactly  this  position  has  been  maintained  by  millions  of 
the  white  American  electorate  through  the  years. 

Even  a  presidential  election,   typically,   brings  out  only 
half  the  eligible  vote. 

Many  white  Americans,   openly,   or  by  their  refusal  to  serve 
as  an  effective  part  of  the  electorate,   invite  the  substitution  of 
dictatorship  for  democracy. 

And  they  actually  submit  to  dictatorship  by  minorities. 

Indians  who  refuse  to  vote,   within  their   tribal  governments, 
are  doing  precisely  the  same  thing.     They  are  inviting  a  return  to 
the  dictatorship  of  past  years  in  Indian  administration,   and  they 
are  risking  here  and  now  the  establishment  of  dictatorship  by  minor- 
ities. 


This  editorial  uses  a.  particular  tribe,  not  here  named, 
as  an  illustration  merely,  and  it  takes  for  Ranted  the  facts  as 
asserted  by  the  unofficial  delegation.  Within  a  social  pattern 
that  is  somewhat  peculiar,  universal  problems  of  democracy  -  of  co- 
operative living  -  are  being  faced  by  Indian  tribes.  No  wonder 
some  of  the  tribesmen  axe  perplexe.dl   But  by  comparison  with  white 
tribesmen,  they  certainly  have  no  reason  to  be  disheartened. 


The  subject  of  leadership  is  fundamental  in  all  govern- 
ment, Indian  and  white  alike. 

Institutions  designed  for  the  finding  and  training  of 
leaders  have  been  a  part  of  the  social  setup  of  every  government  or 
society  that  has  been  important  in  history. 

A  case  from  the  white  world  is  that  of  the  Jesuit  Order 
in  its  first  century.   The  Jesuit  Order  sent  forth  into  every  cor- 
ner of  the  world  missionaries  who  in  retrospect  appear  as  supermen 
in  the  light  of  their  achievements.  These  missionaries  were  great 
in  statecraft,  in  science,  in  exploration;  great  in  the  arts;  but 
above  all,  great  in  their  power  in  the  management  of  peoples  as 
widely  different  as  the  sophisticated  imperial  court  of  China  and 
the  primitive  natives  of  Paraguay. 

The  Jesuit  Order  searched  for  potential  leaders.  Then 
there  was  a  prolonged  and  rigorous  discipline.  There  was  a  ruthless 
elimination  of  the  incapable.   Then,  upon  the  selected  leader,  mo- 
mentous responsibility  was  thrown.  And  the  whole  operation  took 
place  under  the  dominion  of  a  burning  and  gigantic  idea. 

A  ca.se  from  the  Indian  world  is  that  of  the  Inca.s  of  Peru. 
The  Inca  Empire  compares  to  the  Roman  Empire,  but  there  was  in  it 
much  of  the  light  and  grace  of  Athens.  A  highly  collectivized  so- 
ciety, which  yet  was  penetra.ted  through  and  through  by  music,  cere- 
mony, pageantry,  and  gentle  and  exquisite  qualities.   An  ethnolo- 
gist recently  summarized  the  training  aspect  thus: 


" The  Inca  rule  brought  under  its  sway  one  aft- 
er another  Indian  tribe  or  nation. 

"A  ruling  group  selected  among  the  Incas  men 
to  train. 

"Each  administrator  in  a  subjugated  or  alliance! 
region  searched  for  young  men  of  administrative  promise. 


"All  were  brought  together  at  the  capital. 

"They  were   trained  in  history  (i.e.,    the 
'values'    of  the  Inca  Empire) ;    in  military  science; 
in  procedures  of  administration;   and  in    'music' 
(i.e.,  pageantry  borne  by  music). 

"Finally,   when  trained,    they  were  initiated 
or  rendered  eligible  through  a  vast  festival,   with 
combats,   feats  of  prowess,   feats   of  musical  beauty. 

"The  perished  Inca  commonwealth  remains   today 
the  most  attractive  historical  demonstration  of  out- 
post of  sociocracy  or   of  the   totalitarian  state. 

"When  the  empire  was  destroyed  (by  the  Europ- 
ean conquest),    the  system  of  recruitment  and  train- 
ing was  destroyed. 

"The  consequences   of  the  destruction  of  the 
system  of  recruitment  and  training  are  registered 
even  today  after  four  hundred  years.     Though  the 
agrarian  revolutionary  movement  has  somewhat  af- 
fected all   classes  of  Peru,   and  would  already  be 
an  accomplished  revolution  if  mere  numbers  of 
sympathizers  were  decisive,   nothing  actually  hap- 
pens.    Leadership  -  executive  endowment  -  is  want- 
ing.    The  institution  which  found,   trained  and 
placed  leadership  among  the  Indians,   across  a 
thousand  years,   was  killed,    and  no  substitute  has 
been  built  up.      So,   in  Peru,    speaking  in  terms  of 
the  masses,   it  can  be  said  that    there  are  no  events 
any  more." 


Concerning  this  all-vital  subject  of  leadership,  further 
suggestions  will  be  offered  later  on. 


Jfy    A— 


Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs 


THifi  ALLOTMENT    SYSTEM:      ONE  EXAMPLE  OF  TKJ  RESULT 


There   is  printed  below  a  letter   from  Superintendent   Smith 
of   the   Sisseton   Sioux  Agency. 


Commissioner    of   Indian  Affairs, 
Washington,    D.    C. 


Sisseton  Indian  Agency, 
Sisseton,  South  Dakota, 
April  29,    19  38. 


Dear  Mr.    Commissioner: 

Here   is   one  for  Ripley's  "Believe   It   Or  Not."      Today   I   re- 
op-i'^r)   a  letter  from  Ralph   Shepherd,    who   is   an   enrolled   Indian  on 
this  reservation.     Ralph   asked  for   a  copy   of  his  mother's  will   in 
order   that   he   might  know  what  his   interests   in   certain  lands   are. 
I    find  in   checking  the   records   that  his  mother,    Clementine   Crawford, 
willed  him  and  another   son,   Howard  and  a  daughter,    Irene,    one-third 
interest   in   certain  lands.      In   the   instant   case   Clementine   Crawford 
inherited   the   interest   of  her  husband,    Anderson   Crawford,    in  150 
acres   of  land.      She,    in   turn,   willed   this   interest    to  her   two   sons 
and  daughter . 

Luckily,    we  do  not  have  to   split   pennies,    since   the   apnraised 
value   of  her   equity   in   the   150  acres    is   exactly  3   cents.      This,    of 
course,    will   permit   us   to   show  Ralph  that   his   one-third  interest    in 
the  appraised   value   in   the   160  acres   of  land  is   exactly   one   cent. 
Please   do   not    think   that    I   am  talking  about   the   division   of  rentals 
to   such   land   because   in   some   cases  we   are   Ions  since  past  dividing 
uennies   from  rentals   and  now  must   count   the  grains. 

Very   truly  yours, 

(Signed)     'fl.C.Smith 
Suner  i  nt  en  den  t • 


NOTE:      Let  us   do   some   calculations   on   the   basis   of   the 
letter   ouoted  above.      Assuming  an  income   to   the  heir  in   an  amount 
of   five  per   cent   of   the   appraised  value   of  the  heirship  land,    this 
income  woula    oe   one-twentieth  of   one   cent   per   annum.      As   checks 
less   than   one   dollar   are  not  paid  out,    the  heir's  ultimate  heir 
would  get  his  first   dollar   check  2,000  years  from  the  present  date. 
But   meantime,    there  would  be   one  hundred  succeeding  subdivisions 
of   the  heirship   equity,    so   that    the  date  for   the  first   dollar   check 

would  be  past   eternity. 

J.    C. 


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POTLATCH  SCHOLARSHIPS 
?y  Homer  L.  Morrison  -  Superintendent  Of  Indian  Education 


Sarah  Chamberlin,  Of  The  Tulalip 

Agency,  A  Student  At  The  Eastern 

College  Of  Education,  Cheney, 

Washington. 


The  State  of  Wash- 
ington is  one  of  the  three  in 
which  the  Indian  Office,  under 
provisions  of  the  Johnson- 
O'Malley  Act,  pays  tuition  to 
the  State  for  the  education 
of  Indian  children.  There  are 
several  communities  in  Washing- 
ton, composed  wholly,  or  in  a 
large  part,  of  Indian  citizens. 
The  school  hoards,  whose  mem- 
bers are  Indians,  operate  their 
own  public  schools,  as  do  oth- 
er communities  in  the  State. 
At  the  present  time  there  are 
approximately  three  thousand 
Indian  children  enrolled  in 
the  public  schools  of  Washing- 
ton. There  are  no  government 
schools  in  the  State. 


Since  Indian  lands 
are  not  taxed,  the  Indians  as 
citizens  formerly  contributed  very  little  toward  the  support  of  lo- 
cal schools.  With  the  passage  of  the  sales  tax,  however,  and  a 
drastic  reduction  in  property  taxes  in  the  State  of  Washington,  the 
Indian  citizen  became  a  tax-payer  and  is  contributing  to  the  support 
of  the  public  school  system  in  the  same  manner  as  other  citizens 
of  the  State  contribute.  The  State  of  Washington,  recognizing  this 
fact,  determined  to  give  special  aids  to  Indian  youth. 

In  1937  the  State  set  aside  a  part  of  the  money  received 
from  the  federal  government  under  the  terms  of  the  contract  for  In- 
dian education  to  provide  scholarships  for  promising  Indian  young 
people.  These  scholarships  were  to  be  awarded  to  graduates  of  sen- 
ior high  school  classes  of  1937,  and  each  scholarship  was  to  pro- 
vide for  all  expenses  in  one  of  the  State  institutions  of  higher 
learning  for  a  period  of  four  years. 

Five  such  scholarships  were  awarded,  and  in  the  fall  of 
1937,  two  Indian  boys  and  three  Indian  girls,  carrying  the  hopes 
of  the  state's  Indian  communities,  enrolled  in  five  colleges. 


Caroline  Nelson  Of  Colville, 
Attending  The  Western  College 
Of  Education,  Bellingham, 
Washington. 


Leona  Fiander  Of  The  Yakima 

Reservation,  Attending  The 

Central  College  Of  Education 

At  Ellensburg,  Washington. 


The  selection  of  the  honor  students  was  made  by  a  commit- 
tee of  four  Indian  men  who  had  grown  up  among  their  tribesmen,  and 
who  had  achieved  high  positions  in  the  State.  The  committee,  se- 
lected by  Homer  L.  Morrison,  Superintendent  of  Indian  Education  in 
the  State  of  Washington,  and  appointed  by  Stanley  F.  Atwood,  State 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  consisted  of  George  Adams  of 
Shelton,  Washington,  a  member  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives; 
Ira  Martin  of  Spokane,  Washington,  Chief  of  Police  of  that  city; 
J.  M.  Phillips  of  Montesano,  Washington,  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court 
of  Grays  Harbor  County;  and  Henry  Sicade,  a  Puyallup  berry  farmer, 
who  is  also  chairman  of  the  board  of  directors  for  a  boys'  orphan- 
age, and  was  a  member  of  the  Fife  Public  School  Board  for  twenty- 
five  years. 

The  Indian  committee  awarded  the  scholarships  to  the  fol- 
lowing boys  and  girls  who  were  graduated  from  Washington  high  schools 
in  1937: 

Henry  Bushman  of  the  Colville  Reservation, 
who  was  student  president  in  the  Omak  High  School. 

Charles  James  of  the  Swinomish  Reservation,  a 
graduate  of  the  La  Conner  High  School. 

Leona  Fiander  of  the  Yakima  Reservation,  vale- 
dictorian of  the  White  Swan  Hi£i  School. 


Caroline  Nelson  of  the  Colville  Reservation, 
valedictorian  of  the  Curlew  High  School. 

Sarah  Chamberlain,  an  honor  student  and  a  grad- 
uate of  the  Sumner  Hi^i  School . 


After  the  scholarships  were  awarded  by  the  committee,  the 
Indian  hoys  and  girls  were  arranged  according  to  their  standing  by 
grades.  The  highest -ranking  student  was  given  the  first  choice, 
and  in  the  order  of  their  rank  the  others  were  given  their  choice 
of  colleges . 

Henry  Bushman  was  given  first  choice.  He  selected  the 
Washington  State  College  at  Pullman.  He  will  do  his  major  work  in 
business  administration  and  economics. 

Charles  James  selected  the.  University  of  Washington  at 
Seattle.  The  people  of  the  Swinomish  Reservation,  Charles'  home, 
have  organized  under  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act,  and  have  entered 
business  via  the  fishing  industry.  Their  project  is  growing  in  size 
and  success  and  the  people  of  the  reservation  realize  that  they  will 
need  trained  business  leadership.  They  are  keenly  interested  in  the 
fact  that  Charles  won  this  scholarship.  They  have  encouraged  him 
to  take  up  business  administration  and  economics  with  the  definite 
purpose  of  coming  back  to  the  reservation  and  helping  in  the  manage- 
ment of  their  affairs.  The  University  is  only  about  eighty  miles 
from  his  home;  consequently  Charles  spends  his  holidays  at  home  and 
keeps  in  close  touch  with  life  on  the  reservation. 

Leona  Fiander  had  third  choice  and  selected  the  Central 
College  of  Education  in  Ellensburg.  Leona  will  choose  a  major  in 
some  type  of  teaching  work  at  the  end  of  her  first  two  years  of 
college. 


■.V*| 

0Rt 

J 

r 

(^  '  v.         m* 

Henry  Bushman,  From  The 
Colville  Reservation,  Attend- 
ing Washington  State  College 
In  Pullman. 


Charles  James  Of  The  Swinomish 
Reservation,  Washington,  At  The 
University  Of  Washington  At 
•  Seattle. 


Caroline  Nelson,  with  fourth  choice,  chose  the  Western 
College  of  Education  at  Bellinghara-  This  also  is  a  teachers*  col- 
lege and  Caroline  will  select  her  major  in  some  type  of  teaching 
after  her  first  two  years. 

Sarah  Chamberlain,  ranking  fifth,  went  to  the  Eastern 
Washington  College  of  Education  at  Cheney.  This  is  a  teachers' 
college  and  Sarah  will  select  her  major  after  two  years  in  this 
institution. 

All  the  students  are  making  satisfactory  adjustments  in 
their  college  work.   The  State  of  Washington  believes  that  these 
scholarships  will  do  two  things  for  the  Indian  student:  first, they 
will  give  a  selected  few  an  opportunity  to  prepare  themselves  for 
better  service  to  their  own  people  within  the  State;  and  second, 
the  scholarships  themselves  are  incentives  to  keep  a  greater  number 
of  Indian  youth  in  the  high  schools  of  the  State. 

The  name  selected  by  the  committee  of  Indian  men  is  "The 
Potlatch  Scholarship."  The  potlatch  is  an  old  feast  of  the  Indians 
of  the  Northwest,  in  which  a  man  gave  his  property  to  his  visitors. 
He  was  considered  the  noblest  among  the  Indians  who  made  the  great- 
est number  of  gifts,  but  Potlatch  had  another  significance:  it  re- 
quired the  recipients  of  these  gifts  to  give  a  feast  in  their  turn 
and  to  give  away  to  others  that  which  they  had  received. 

The  State  of  Washington  plans  to  offer  one  additional 
scholarship  in  1938,  and  one  each  year  thereafter,  so  long  as  the 
federal  government  continues  to  pay  funds  to  the  State  for  the  ed- 
ucation of  Indian  children. 


ORGANIZATION  NEWS 

Constitution  Elections: 

Yes  No 

April  16  Standing  Rock  Indians  of  North  Dakota  ...  590  857 

April  21  Tonkawa  Tribe  of  Oklahoma 9    7 


Charter  Elections: 

Ye  8  No 
April  16 Quechan  Tribe  of  the  Fort  Yuma  Reserva- 
tion in  Arizona 117  154 

April  16  Standing  Rock' Indians  of  North  Dakota  ...  556  29 

April  28 Pawnee  Tribe  of  Oklahoma  180  62 


10 


INDIANS  STRANDED  BY  BREAK -UP  OF  CIRCUS 


The  frontispiece  shows  a  group  of  Sioux  talking  over 
their  difficulties  -  brought  on  by  the  sudden  bankruptcy  in  Wash- 
ington of  Colonel  Tim  McCoy  and  Associates,  Inc.,  "wild-west"  show 
and  circus,  in  Washington  early  in  May- 

Sixty-five  Indians  -  Navajos,  Hopis,  Sioux  and  Southern 
Cheyennes  -  were  stranded  when  the  organization  suddenly  went  into 
receivership,  after  a  difficult  period  during  which  wages  were  not 
paid  to  employees.  The  Sioux  group,  which  had  negotiated  a  con- 
tract with  the  show  through  their  superintendent,  W.  0.  Roberts, 
was  protected  by  a  thousand-dollar  bond  which  had  been  deposited 
at  the  Agency  at  Pine  Ridge,  South  Dakota.  This  sum  proved  to  be 
exactly  enough  to  get  the  group  and  their  families  back  home;  the 
others,  however,  had  made  their  arrangements  individually  and  were 
without  this  protection.   The  total  amount  owing  to  the  entire 
group  of  Indians  in  unpaid  salary  is  $751.28.   Claims  for  this  sum 
have  been  filed  by  the  Indian  Office  with  the  receivers  of  the  com- 
pany, but  since  the  Indians  constitute  only  a  fraction  of  the  to- 
tal number  of  creditors,  there  is  considerable  doubt  as  to  the  time 
and  the  amount  of  any  recovery  which  can  be  made.   Indian  employees 
of  the  101  Ranch,  which  broke  up  under  somewhat  similar  circumstances 
several  years  ago,  have  never  been  paid. 

This  incident  emphasizes  the  wisdom  of  making  negotiations 
for  employment  which  involves  traveling  at  long  distances  away  from 
home  through  agency  officials,  rather  than  as  individuals.  Agency 
officials  speaking  for  a  group  of  Indians  can  insist  that  protec- 
tive clauses  be  inserted  in  contracts. 

Among  those  in  the  photograph  are:  John  Collier,  Commis- 
sioner, presiding;  F.  H.  Daiker,  Assistant  to  the  Commissioner; 
Adelbert  Thunder  Hawk,  secretary  to  Congressman  Francis  Case;  Lone 
Elk,  Door  Changing,  Charles  Thunder  Bull,  Joe  Elk  Boy,  Short  Bull, 
Return  From  Scout,  American  Horse,  Black  Horn,  Lizzie  Charging, 
David  Charging  and  John  Sitting  Bull. 


COVER  PAGE 


The  photograph  which  appears  on  the  cover  page  of  this 
issue  is  a  scene  on  the  Papago  desert.  Sells  Agency,  Arizona. 


11 


FOUR  NEW  HOSPITALS  SERVE  INDIANS 


Four  new  hospitals  operated  by  the  Indian  Service  have 
been  recently  opened,  or  are  about  to  be  opened,  to  Indian  patients: 
the  Sioux  Sanatorium  at  Rapid  City,  South  Dakota;  the  William  W. 
Hastings  Hospital  at  Tahlequah,  Oklahoma;  the  Choctaw- Chickasaw  San- 
atorium at  Talihina,  Oklahoma;  and  the  Fort  Defiance  Hospital  in 
northeastern  Arizona  on  the  Navajo  Reservation.  All  except  the 
Sioux  Sanatorium  were  Public  Works  projects. 


The  Sioux  Sanatorium,  Located  On  The  Grounds 

Of  The  Old  Boarding  School  Near  Rapid  City, 
South  Dakota.  The  Plant  Was  Designed  By  The 
Indian  Service  Construction  Division. 


The  Sioux  Sanatorium  near  Rapid  City,  South  Dakota,  was 
finished  in  November,  equipped  during  the  following  months  and  was 
opened  to  patients  about  May  1.  It  provides  for  114  patients  and 
includes  complete  modern  equipment,  such  as  a  specially  designed 
x-ray  and  fluroscopic  room,  a  film  developing  room,  an  operating 
suite,  a  dental  clinic  and  laboratory  and  special  treatment  room6. 
The  plant  includes  also  quarters  for  nurses  and  other  personnel,  a 
heating  plant  and  other  service  equipment.  The  hospital,  which  is 
designed  for  treatment  of  tuberculosis  patients,  is  primarily  in- 
tended for  Sioux  Indians,  but  will  be  available  for  other  Indians 
as  well. 


12 


Southeast  Wing  Of  The  William  W.  Hastings  Hospital 

The  William  W.  Hastings  Hospital  at  Tahlequah,  Oklahoma, 
was  substantially  completed  hy  October  1937,  but  was  not  complete- 
ly equipped  and  opened  until  early  in  May.   It  has  a  capacity  of 
69  beds,  with  operating  facilities  and  x-ray  and  laboratory  facil- 
ities. There  are  quarters  for  employees,  including  provision  for 
twelve  nurses  and  a  doctor.  This  is  a  general  hospital,  intended 
primarily  for  treatment  of  Indians  of  the  Five  Civilized  Tribes. 
This  plant  was  designed  by  the  Indian  Service  Construction  Division . 


The  Main  Kitchen  Of  The  Fort  Defiance  Hospital 
(Photograph  By  W.  T.  Mullarky,  Gallup,  New  Mexico) 


13 


The  Fort  Defiance  Hospital  At  Fort  Defiance,  Arizona. 
It  Is  Built  Of  Native  Red  Sandstone  Quarried 
Near  Window  Rock. 

The  Fort  Defiance  Hospital,   begun  in  March  1937,   and  to 
be  opened  for  patients  June  20,   1938,   has  room  for  136  patients. 
It  is  an  extremely  well-equipped  modern  hospital,   including  an 
out-patient  department  with  treatment  rooms  and  dispensary,  an  op- 
erating suite  plus  an  extra  emergency  operating  room,   laboratories 
and  obstetrical  department,   an  x-ray  room,   rooms  which  can  be  iso- 
lated for  special  types  of  cases,   a  dental  clinic  and  an  eye,   ear, 
nose  and  throat  clinic.    This  plant  was  designed  by  the  Indian 
Service  Construction  Division. 


Nurses'   Quarters,    Choctaw- Chickasaw  Sanatorium, 
Talihina,   Oklahoma. 


14 


Native  Stone  And  Brick  Were  Used  For  The  Choctaw- 
Chickasaw  Sanatorium  At  Talihina,  Oklahoma.  The 
Main  Building,  Viewed  From  The  North. 
(Schmidt,  Garden,  &  Erickson,  Architects.) 

The  Choctaw-Chickasaw  Sanatorium  at  Talihina,  Oklahoma, 
is  by  far  the  largest  construction  project  ever  undertaken  by  the 
Indian  Office.   It  is  not  one  huilding,  but  a  group,  in  which  the 
existing  hospital  plant  has  been  remodeled  and  made  a  part  of  the 
much  larger  new  plant.  The  main  hospital,  infirmary,  ambulatory 
wards  and  power  house  form  the  main  block;  the  nurses'  quarters  and 
doctors'  quarters  are  in  separate  groups;  there  is  also  a  building 
housing  the  recreation  hall  and  dining  room;  and  a  garage.  The  to- 
tal capacity  of  the  completed  plant  is  232  beds. 

This  hospital  is  designed  primarily  for  the  treatment  of 
Oklahoma  Indians  having  tuberculosis,  but  will  provide  about  75  beds 
for  general  purposes. 


SALEM  INDIAN  SCHOOL  58  YEARS  OLD 


The  Salem  Indian  School  at  Chemawa,  Oregon,  which  this 
year  celebrates  the  fifty-eighth  anniversary  of  its  organization, 
is  one  of  the  oldest  schools  being  operated  by  the  Indian  Service, 
being  second  in  age  only  to  Sequoyah,  which  was  founded  in  1872  by 
the  Cherokee  Nation.   Charles  E.  Larson,  who  himself  entered  the 
school  in  1893  at  the  age  of  ten,  gives  the  derivation  of  the  school's 
name.   It  comes,  says  Mr.  Larson,  from  the  Chinook  language  -  "che", 
meaning  new,  and  "wawa",  meaning  talk-   Through  error,  the  word  was 
changed  to  Chemawa. 


15 


CONFERENCE  OF  FRIENDS  OP  THE  INDIAN  DISCUSSES  CIBRENT  PROBLEMS 

IN  INDIAN  ADMINISTRATION 


The  Conference  of  Friends  of  the  Indian,  called  by  the 
Joint  Indian  Committee  of  the  Home  Missions  Council,  and  the  Council 
of  Women  for  Home  Missions,  by  the  Indian  Eights  Association  and  by 
the  American  Association  of  Indian  Affairs  met  at  Atlantic  City 
April  22  and  23. 

Most  of  the  discussions  centered  around  four  issues:  the 
use  of  liquor  by  Indians,  the  Navajo  problem,  the  Indian  Reorganiza- 
tion Act  and  the  cultural  and  religious  aspects  of  the  present  ad- 
ministration's policy. 

After  discussion  of  the  prohibition  of  intoxicating  liquor 
among  Indians,  the  conference  adopted  a  statement  urging  more  thorough 
enforcement  of  the  law,  and  suggesting  also  a  more  systematic  educa- 
tional anti -alcoholic  campaign  in  government  and  mission  schools  and 
by  mission  agencies.  The  proposal  was  also  made  that  the  govern- 
ment concentrate  its  efforts  toward  strict  law  enforcement  on  one 
particular  reservation  as  a  demonstration  of  the  potential  effective- 
ness of  such  a  policy.  A  suggestion  for  amendment  of  the  Federal 
law  to  permit  an  experiment  in  the  controlled  sale  of  liquor  on  a 
given  reservation  on  the  initiative  and  under  the  direction  of  the 
tribal  council  was  discussed  thoroughly  and  lengthily;  this  sugges- 
tion of  policy,  however,  was   removed  from  the  final  resolution  by 
a  narrow  margin  of  votes. 

The  Conference  adopted  a  statement  to  the  effect  that  it 
was  opposed  to  the  repeal  of  the  Indian  Reorganization  Act,  but 
suggested  amendments  which  would  liberalize  its  terms  to  make  pos- 
sible the  use  of  the  Act's  educational  loan  funds  by  members  of 
tribes  which  have  rejected  the  Act.  An  amendment  was  also  suggested 
which  would  modify  the  credit  provisions  of  the  Act  along  the  lines 
of  the  Oklahoma  Indian  Welfare  Act,  under  whose  terms  loans  can  be 
made  to  cooperative  groups  as  well  as  to  organized  tribes  which 
have  organized  and  incorporated. 

In  the  course  of  the  interesting  discussion  of  the  admin- 
istration's policy  toward  cultural  and  religious  freedom,  Dean  Davis 
W.  Clark  of  the  Episcopal  missions  of  South  Dakota  pointed  out  his 
belief  that  the  policy  of  encouraging  preservation  of  the  values 
of  the  Indian  spiritual  and  cultural  heritage  was  in  effect  being 


16 


distorted  "by  the  inability  of  some  Indian  Service  employees  to  dis- 
tinguish between  the  "basic  spiritual  and  cultural  values  and  the 
less  meaningful  externals;  the  result,  said  Dean  Clark,  was  that  the 
policy  had  fostered  an  outbreak  of  almost  continuous  dancing  having 
little  to  do  with  the  real  values  of  Indian  culture  and  tradition, 
while  many  of  the  real  values  still  lay  hidden.  The  Conference 
adopted  a  statement  proposing  that  all  agencies  join  in  an  effort 
to  create  a  program  of  broader  and  saner  recreational  opportunities 
for  Indians. 

There  was  a  long  discussion  of  Navajo  affairs,  in  which 
it  was  said  by  many  speakers  that  the  situation  was  critical  be- 
cause of  the  failure  of  the  "Indian  Service  administration  and  the 
Navajos  to  understand  one  another.  It  was  also  brought  out  in  the 
discussion  that  one  of  the  perturbing  factors  in  the  situation  was 
the  activity  of  non-Indians  in  supporting  opposition  to  the  basic 
stock  reduction  program,  and  in  leading  Indians  to  believe  that 
many  white  people  would  join  with  them  to  frustrate  the  administra- 
tion's policies.  After  discussion,  the  problem  was  referred  to  a 
continuation  committee  for  further  study. 

The  Conference  discussed  the  obstacles  in  the  path  of  more 
effective  Indian  administration,  and  made  a  number  of  suggestions 
for  the  improvement  of  Indian  Service  and  governmental  procedure. 


INDIAN  ROAD  WORK  AS  TRAINING  FOR  JOBS 
By  H.  J.  Doolittle,  District  Engineer,  Roads  Division 


W.  W.  Beatty,  Director  of  Education  in  the  Indian  Service, 
has  said  that  in  training  young  Indians  the  Service  "must  offer 
such  complete  opportunity  for  continuing  practical  experience  that 
the  work  of  our  students  will  be  well-done  regardless  of  race." 
The  training  which  more  than  ten  thousand  Indians  are  receiving  in 
road  work  is  indeed  an  opportunity  for  continuing  practical  experi- 
ence. During  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1937,  10,783  Indians 
were  employed  by  the  Service  on  road  work.   Their  supervisors  take 
pride  in  giving  them  sound  training. 

Through  cooperation  with  state,  county  and  WPA  road  units, 
a  number  of  Indians  trained  in  Road  Division  work  are  taking  their 
places  with  white  men  in  outside  jobs.  There  is  generally  a  local 
market  for  experienced  road  workers,  and  it  is  becoming  evident, 
throu/^i  specific  cases,  our  men  can  compete  in  their  local  labor 
markets  with  the  best  in  their  field- 


17 


NEWS  MAGAZINE  REPORTS  ON  CONFERENCE  OF 
FRIENDS  .OF  THE  INDIAN:  COMMISSIONER  COLLIER  COMMENTS 


The  following  quotation  is  taken  from  the  May  2,  1938  is- 
sue of  "Time",  which  comments  on  the  Conference  of  Friends  Of  The 
Indian,  described  on  page  16. 

"Hardly  more  Uian  a  generation  ago,  U.  S. 
churches  still  had  a  stirring  sense  of  the  U.  S. 
frontier.  Much  of  their  consecrated  vigor  derived 
from  their  missionary  work  among  TJ.  S.  Indians.  To- 
day the  welfare  of  the  nation's  337,000  red  men 
lies  less  with  the  churches  than  with  the  Govern- 
ment, particularly  with  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
Ickes  and  zealous  Indian  Commissioner  John  Collier. 
Last  week  in  Atlantic  City,  missionary  chagrin  ov- 
er, this  state  of  affairs  spilled  over.  At  a  Con- 
ference of  Friends  Of  The  Indian  -  representing 
two  secular  Indian  associations  and  Indian  mission 
workers  of  28  Protestant  churches  -  a  report  cited 
lawlessness,  drinking,  vice,  illegal  marriages  in 
Indian  communities,  blamed  the  "hands-off  policy" 
of  the  Government . 

n 'During  all  the  years  prior  to  the  present  Ad- 
ministration, '  said  the  report,  'the  story  of  the 
progress  of  the  red  men  in  adopting  standards  of 
Christian  civilization  stands  out  ...  as  an  impres- 
sive illustration  of  the  effectiveness  of  coopera- 
tive effort  and  sympathetic  understanding  between 
the  forces  representing  the  church  in  America  and 
the  governmental  agencies.'   ?y  contrast,  the  re- 
port cited  Commissioner  Collier's  well-known  policy 
of  helping  Indians  to  'turn  back  to  their  so-called 
ancient  cultures,  and  to  revive  pagan  practices  and 
ceremonies  of  the  pre-Columbian  era.'   This  'appears 
to  the  Christian  forces  of  America  to  be  a  denial 
of  the  right  of  Indians  to  enter  into  an  apprecia- 
tion of  their  Christian  heritage,  implicit  in  their 
status  as  American  citizens.' 

"Neither  Indian  Commissioner  Collier  nor  Sec- 
retary Ickes  showed  up  in  Atlantic  City,  as  the  con- 
ference had  hoped,  to  defend  their  work.  Mr.  Collier 
sent  a  message,  in  which  he  ducked  religious  issues, 


18 


said  his  bureau  is  hampered  by  'a  thousand  antiq- 
uities', begged  the  cooperation  of  alert  citizens, 
for  'Indians  will  always  have  neighbors  who  stand 
to  profit  hy  despoiling  whatever  little  property 
they  may  have,  and  debauching  them  as  human  beings 


Ml 


Commissioner  Collier  wrote  the  editor  of  "Time"  under  date 
of  May  4,  as  follows: 

"It  was  a  pleasure  to  read  your  news  report 
•Indians'  Friends'  in  Time's  issue  of  May  2. 

"I  believe  it  is  ohvious  that  your  correspond- 
ent and  your  editors  recognized  the  fundamental 
fact  that  so-called  'Indian  lawlessness',  etc.,  did 
not  begin  with  the  'hands-off '  policy  of  present- 
day  Indian  Service  administration  of  Indian  affairs. 
To  us,  of  course,  it  is  equally  patent  that  the  mor- 
als of  Indians  should  not  and  cannot  be  isolated 
from  the  morals  of  entire  communities  and  areas  in 
which  the  Indians  reside. 

"I  appreciated  also  your  reference  to  a  fact, 
not  always  understood,  namely  that  religious  liber- 
ty applies  to  all  peoples  in  the  United  States  and 
not  merely  to  Christians. 

"Incidentally,  you  will  want  to  know  that  the 
report  from  which  your  correspondent  quoted  was  not 
presented  at  the  meeting  at  all.  * 

"Secretary  Ickes  and  myself  were  well-repre- 
sented at  the  conference  by  Walter  V.  Woehlke,  As- 
sistant to  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs.  Mr. 
Woehlke  and  the  delegates  engaged  in  a  thoroughly 
constructive  discussion  of  many  problems  of  Indian 
administration  and  the  advice  of  the  delegates  was 
solicited  and  received. 

"I  am  attaching  for  your  information  a  copy  of 
the  resolutions  adopted  by  the  conference. 

Sincerely  yours, 
John  Collier,  Commissioner." 


*Note:   The  Indian  Office  has  been  informed  that  Dr.  Mark 
Dawber,  who  is  Executive  Secretary  of  the  Home  Missions  Council, 
Oliver  LaJarge,  President  of  the  American  Association  on  Indian  Af- 
fairs and  Jonathan  Steere,  President  of  the  Indian  Rights  Associa- 
tion, have  written  to  "Time"  protesting  the  quotation  from  materia] 
which  was  not  presented  at  the  Conference  at  all. 

19 


EXAMPLES   CF  REHABILITATION  PROJECT  AT   MISSION,    CALIFORNIA. 


A  Family  On  The  Pechanga 
Reservation:     Their 
Old  House. 


The  New  Home  Built  For 
This  Family  With 

Rehabilitation  Funds 


■'-, 


&&& 


Nicholas  Chapaxosa  And  His  Garden  - 
Another  Rehabilitation  Project. 


20 


BLACKFEET  CRAFTS  WORKERS  READY  FOR  SUMMER  SEASON 
Blackfeet  Agency,  Browning,  Montana. 


(This  article  was  prepared  from  material  furnished  by 
Mrs.  Jessie  Donaldson  Schultz,  Community  Worker  at  Blackfeet  Agency, 
Montana,  and  by  Mrs.  Ethel  B.  Arnett,  Director,  Division  of  Educa- 
tion and  Recreation,  Works  Progress  Administration  of  Montana.) 


Plans  for  the  summer  season  in  the  Blackfeet  Indian  Craft 
Shop  have  been  completed  by  Mrs.  Jessie  Donaldson  Schultz,  Commun- 
ity Worker,  and  other  sponsors  of  this  unique  project. 

The  renaissance  in  Blackfeet  crafts, which  is  being  paral- 
leled by  an  interest  as  well  in  the  stories,  songs  and  traditions 
of  the  tribe,  has  come  about  in  less  than  two  years.  The  shop  it- 
self was  in  operation  only  one  month  during  the  1936  summer  season 
and  three  months  during  the  past  summer.   It  has  operated  on  a  very 
modest  budget,  and,  moreover,  has  been  obliged  to  move  three  times 
during  its  short  life.   Nevertheless  the  shop  had  cleared,  by  the 
end  of  March,  1933,  $4,250. 

The  movement  began  in  the  summer  of  1936  when  a  small 
group  of  Indian  women  on  the  Two  Medicine  River  (Mary  Little  Bull, 
Mary  Little  Plume,  Angel ine  Williamson,  Cecile  Horn,  Nellie  Buel, 
Cecile  Tail  Feathers,  Rose  Big  Beaver  and  Margaret  Middle  Calf) 


21 


encouraged  by  Mrs.  Schultz,  made  costumes  to  be  sold  at  the  Sun 
Ceremony  encampment.  Their  experiment  turned  out  well;  the  women 
learned  something  about  what  tourists  wanted;  and  they  continued 
with  their  work.  Three  other  women  in  Browning  -  Louise  Berry- 
child,  Gertrude  No  Chief  and  Annie  Calf  Looking  -  were  also  among 
the  pioneers  in  the  Blackfeet  crafts  movement. 

In  the  summer  of  1936  the  venture  of  a  Bla.ckfeet  crafts 
shop  was  undertaken.   Superintendent  Charles  L.  Graves  arranged 
for  the  use  of  the  old  tribal  council  room  as  a  shop,  Mrs.  Schultz 
called  upon  the  Indians  to  bring  in  their  crafts  articles,  and  the 
enterprise  got  under  way  for  a  brief  season.   Such  promise  had 
been  shown  during  the  brief  season  of  the  shop's  existence  that  the 
TO?  A  Division  of  Education,  under  Mrs.  Ethel  B.  Arnett,  Director, 
assigned  two  Indian  workers,  Louise  Berrychild  and  Mary  Little  Bull, 
to  teach  crafts  work  and  to  help  start  handicraft  projects.  The 
organization  of  Indians  into  local  crafts  groups  paved  the  way  for 
the  formation  of  the  Blackfeet  Cooperative  Society  in  April  1937. 
Now  there  are  ten  strong  local  clubs,  with  a  total  membership  of 
400. 

In  January  1938,  a  loan  of  $5,000  was  made  to  the  Crafts 
Shop  from  rehabilitation  funds  to  finance  purchases  of  crafts  goods 
and  a  grant  of  $2,500  for  building  and  equipment.  fPA  has  added 
another  teacher,  Agnes  Chief -Ail-Over. 

Crafts  club  members  have  worked  enthusiastically  during 
the  winter.  Members  have  met  with  the  instructors  to  discuss  ideas, 
to  agree  on  standards  of  work,  and  to  look  into  old  ways  of  making 
the  fine  Blackfeet  crafts  articles.  Standards  of  work  have  risen 
to  a  very  high  level,  through  the  process  of  careful  selection  of 
articles  for  sale,  and  of  insistence  upon  meticulous  standards  of 
authenticity  and  good  workmanship. 

In  addition  to  the  three  Indian  teachers  being  paid  by 
the  TUPA  Division  of  Education  and  Recreation,  help  is  also  being 
provided  through  four  WPA  Indian  workers  who  are  doing  research  in 
ancient  Blackfeet  designs.  Louis  Randall,  Victor  Pepion,  Albert 
Racine  and  Cecile  Crow  Feathers  are  now  working  on  designs  of  vari- 
ous types  -  pictographs  found  on  robes  and  rocks,  designs  found  on 
costumes  and  those  on  painted  tepees. 

Blackfeet  crafts  embrace  a  wide  variety  of  articles.  Bows 
and  arrows  and  quivers  have  been  made  this  winter  by  James  Bad  Mar- 
riage, Shorty  Whitegrass,  Last  Rider,  After  Buffalo,  Stabs-By  Mis- 
take, and  others;  spears  with  large  flint  heads  are  also  being  made, 
rhe  arrow  points  are  old  ones,  actually  used  in  shooting  buffalo, 
found  on  the  reservation  in  so-called  buffalo  traps.  Dolls  dressed 
in  authentic  and  carefully  made  costumes,  moccasins,  bags  and  coin 


22 


purses  are  alBO  made.   Suede  and  buckskin  jackets  have  been  especial- 
ly popular  with  tourists.   The  jackets  are  beautifully  cut  and  tai- 
lored, are  trimmed  with  beaded  designs,  and  have  buttons  of  hand- 
carved  elk  horn.  These  jackets  and  boleros,  and  hats,  skirts  and 
bags  as  well,  are  being  sold  at  Abercrombie  &  Fitch,  a  well-known 
sports  shop  in  New  York,  and  a  large  number  have  been  sold  through 
mail  orders. 

This  past  winter  Arrow  Top-Knot,  an  eighty -year-old  In- 
dian, made  a  supply  of  the  traditional  wood  and  rawhide  dishes, 
all  painted  with  the  secred  paint  and  all  made  in  the  form  of  some 
animal.  He  is  one  of  the  best  sources  of  information  about  ancient 
lore. 

One  of  the  oldest  of  the  arts  of  the  Blackfeet  Indians 
is  quill  work.  This  work  was  done  by  the  Indians  before  the  easier 
bead  work  came  into  fashion.  When  the  Indians  were  asked  to  do 
quill  work  for  sale  to  tourists,  they  refused  because  the  ancient 
ceremony  of  preparing  the  quills  had  been  forgotten  and  they  felt 
that  unless  the  quills  were  prepared  with  the  correct  ceremony, 
the  participants  would  be  blinded.  Some  of  the  Indian  workers,  how- 
ever, learned  from  an  older  Indian  how  the  ceremony  of  preparing 
quills  should  be  performed,  and  for  the  first  time  in  many  years, 
the  quills  were  prepared  in  the  age-old  manner  tnis  past  season. 

Indian  paintings  and  carvings  are  also  sold  in  the  shop. 
Among  the  younger  Indians  whose  work  shows  promise  is  Mike  Swims- 
Under,  whose  carvings  in  wood  were  sold  in  the  shop  last  summer. 
Also  available  in  the  shop  are  examples  of  the  wood  carvings  of 
John  Clark,  well-known  Blackfeet  deaf-mute  artist,  who  has  his  own 
shop  at  one  of  the  entrances  to  Glacier  Park. 

Last  summer  the  craft  shop  moved  to  new  quarters  at  St. 
Mary's  Lake.  An  old  log  cabin,  originally  the  home  of  the  famous 
white  trader  and  pioneer,  Jack  Monroe,  was  procured  by  Superinten- 
dent Graves  and  moved  to  a  strategic  location  on  a  highway  within 
the  park.   It  has  been  repaired  and  is  ready  for  the  coming  tourist 
season. 

The  Blackfeet  have  a  splendid  tourist  market  open  to 
them  in  their  proximity  to  Glacier  National  Park.  Until  the  past 
two  years,  much  of  the  goods  sold  in  the  Park  has  been  imported, 
and  non-Indian  in  origin.  Now  the  Blackfeet  are  ready  to  supply 
handmade  goods  c'  hi*h  quality. 


23 


OSAGE  INDIAN  MUSEUM  DEDICATED  MAY  2  -  3 


A  Portrait  Of  Sylvester 

Tinker,   Osage,   One  Of  A 

Group  Of  Tribal  Portraits 

Painted  For  The  Osage 

Museum* 


The  only  tribal  museum  in  the 
United  States  opened  when  the  Osage  In- 
dian Museum  was  dedicated  in  Pawhuska, 
Oklahoma,  May  2  and  3. 

The  museum's  collection  of 
Osage  crafts,  ceremonial  objects  and 
historical  records  was  begun  some  fif- 
teen years  ago,  when  the  Osage  Tribal 
Council  bought  the  Osage  collection  of 
John  Bird,  former  trader.  In  addition 
to  hunting  equipment  and  weapons,  old 
costumes,  and  objects  of  religious  sig- 
nificance, the  museum  is  acquiring  old 
documents,  photographs  and  historical 
books  dealing  with  tribal  history. 
Last  year  sound  recordings  were  made 
of  an  Osage  radio  program  which  was  ar- 
ranged by  Joseph  Mathews,  tribal  coun- 
cilman and  author.  These  recordings 
of  Osage  songs,  speeches  in  the  Osage 
tongue  by  several  distinguished  full- 
bloods  of  the  tribe,  and  English  ver- 
sions of  Osage  legends  are  now  a  part 
of  the  museum's  collection. 

Miss  Lillian  Mathews,  cura- 
tor of  the  museum,  has  had  charge  of 
indexing  and  arranging  the  museum's 
varied  possessions.  Gifts  of  all  kinds, 
which  have  included  cherished  family 
heirlooms,  have  been  donated  by  inter- 
ested tribesmen. 


One  feature  of  the  collection 
is  a  group  of  portraits  of  well-known 
Osages,  chosen  as  representative  types 

of  the  tribe.  These  were  done  as  a  WPA  project  by  Todros  Geller, 

Chicago  artist. 

The  simple,  attractive,  sandstone  building  which 
houses  the  collection  is  a  restoration,  made  through  a  WPA  grant, 
of  an  old  tribal  chapel  building  in  Pawhuska.  The  original  cupola 
and  bell  which  for  two  generations  called  young  Osages  to  services 
were  replaced  on  the  new  building. 


•Photograph  by  Andrew  T.  Kelley. 


24 


This  museum  is  the  only  recent  example  of  a  systematic 
and  permanent  pooling  of  its  records  and  historical  relics  by  an 
Indian  tribe.  Through  this  collection,  the  story  of  the  develop- 
ment of  this  great  Plains  stock,  from  the  first  known  records  dat- 
ing back  to  the  days  of  Marquette,  will  be  kept  as  a  possession  of 
the  tribe  for  all  time. 

The  dedication  of  the  museum  on  May  2  and  3  was  the  oc- 
casion for  a  colorful  celebration  in  Pawhuska,  which  included 
speeches  by  older  members  of  the  tribe,  a  parade,  Indian  games, 
and  a  barbecue. 


TWO  R SCENT  BOOKS  ON  INDIAN  LITERARY  HERITAGE 


SINGING-  FOR  POWER,  by  Ruth  Murray  Underhill. 
University  of  California  Press,  Berkeley.  $2.00. 

"Singing  for  Power"  is  a  skillful  rendition  in  simple  and 
musical  English  of  part  of  the  magnificent  Papago  heritage  of  song. 
Rituals  for  rain,  for  "singing  up  the  corn",  for  war  and  for  warding 
off  evil  are  described,  among  others,  and  the  songs  which  were  an 
integral  part  of  them  are  set  down.  The  study  of  which  this  book 
is  a  part  was  made  under  the  direction  of  the  Humanities  Council  of 
Columbia  University  in  1931  and  1933.  The  delightful  drawings  of 
ancient  Papago  life  were  made  by  two  Indian  boys  -  Avellino  Herera 
of  Sia  Pueblo  and  Ben  Pavisook,  a  Ute. 

Another  book  by  Dr.  Underhill,  "First  Penthouse  Dwellers 
Of  America",  has  recently  been  published  by  J.  J.  Augustin.   It 
will  be  reviewed  in  an  early  issue. 


LEffigggS  OF  THE  LONGHOUSE ,  by  Jesse  Cornplanter. 

J.  P.  Lippincott  Company,  Philadelphia  and  New  York.  $2.00 

This  is  a  book  of  Seneca  stories,  "told  to  Sah-Nee-Weh, 
the  White  Sister"  -  Mrs.  Walter  Henricks  of  Pen  Yan,  New  York,  a 
white  friend  and  neighbor.  Jesse  Cornplanter,  who  is  a  descendant 
of  the  Corn  Planter  who  knew  George  Washington,  lives  on  the  Tona- 
wanda  Reservation  in  New  York.  The  legends,  which  are  in  the  form 
of  letters  to  the  author's  white  friend,  deal  with  such  varied 
topics  as  the  origin  of  the  world,  with  "the  little  people",  with 
good  and  evil  legendary  figures  and  what  happened  to  them. 

The  introduction  is  by  Carl  Carmer,  author  of  "Listen 
for  a  Lonesome  Drum."  The  illustrations  were  drawn  by  Cornplanter, 
teller  of  the  stories. 

25 


CCC  ANNIVERSARY  CELEmATIONS  SHOWED  WIDE  VARIETY 


"Indians  At  Work"  has  received  so  many  descriptions  of 
local  celebrations  of  the  fifth  anniversary  of   the  CCC  held  on 
April  5   that   it  would  be  impossible  to  print  them  all  even  in  con- 
densed form.     Parades,   rodeos,  barbecues  and  exhibits  were  held  all 
over   the  Indian  country.      Excerpts  from  three  of  the  accounts  fol- 
low: 

Fallon  Reservation,   Carson  Agency,  Nevada •     "The  rodeo 
was  a  success  and  everyone  had  a  fine  time,   although  the  first  man 
out  on  a  horse  was  bucked  off  and  broke  his  arm;   but   even  this 
served  its  purpose,   as  the  enrollees  had  organized  a  first-aid  squad 
for  just  such  an  emergency  and  they  immediately  took  charge  of  the 
situation.     A  doctor  among  the  spectators   set   the  broken  arm  with 
the  help  of  the  first-aiders.     Later  he  told  me  that  the  first-aid 
crew  was  exceptionally  well-trained."     By  Frank  M.  P archer,  Proj- 
ect Manager,    CCC-ID. 

Tru^ton  Canon  Agency,  Peach  Springs,  Arizona.     "In  the 
middle  of  our  program,    there  came  an  interesting  break.     An  old 
man,   blind  and  partly  lame,   stood  up  and  in  faltering  tones  asked 
if  he  might  speak.     He  was  Kate  Krozier,   Indian  scout  in  the  days 


Huya,   Kate  Krozier  And  Jim  Mahone,  Elders  Among  The 

Truxton  Canon  Hualapais. 


26 


following  the  Civil  War.  In  a  few  minutes  he  told  what  he  remem- 
bered of  the  old  days,  and  made  a  comparison  of  what,  in  spite  of 
his  blindness,  he  conceives  to  be  the  present.  Not  for  long  will 
these  ancient  voices  be  heard."  By  Erik  W.  Allstrom,  CCC-ID  Camp 
Superintendent ♦ 

Fort  Berthold  Agency.  North  Dakota  (From  "The  Minot  Daily 
Mews**,  Minot,  N.  D.):   "Indian  youths,  too,  have  their  Civilian  Con- 
servation Corps,  and  the  Elbowoods  Camp  on  the  Fort  Berthold  Reserva- 
tion, which  has  an  enrollment  of  nearly  ICO,  presented  an  elaborate 
program  and  an  exhibition  of  its  work  when  visitors  were  entertained 
there  this  week  at  the  annual  achievement  day. 

"The  program  was  in  charge  of  Charles  Bird,  Project  Man- 
ager for  the  camp,  who  came  here  from  the  Blackfeet  Reservation  in 
Montana,  when  this  project  was  started  in  1936. 

"Visitors  at  the  camp  Tuesday  were  shown  displays  of  In- 
dian relics,  arts  and  crafts  undertaken  by  Indian  youths,  engineer- 
ing and  construction  work  done  on  the  reservation,  blacksmi thing, 
carpentry,  mechanics,  forestry  and  athletics.  These  exhibits  con- 
stituted an  exposition  of  the  educational  program  which  is  being 
carried  on  at  the  camp  for  Indian  youths. 

"One  activity  of  the  Indian  CCC  not  represented  in  this 
exposition  was  adult  education.  Adult  Indians  who  have  not  previ- 
ously had  opportunity  to  learn  to  read  and  write,  as  a  result  of 
this  work,  are  signing  their  names  in  writing  now  instead  of  mark- 
ing '  x1  or  using  fingerprint  signatures. 

"The  show  of  old  time  Indian  articles,  sponsored  by  the 
Elbowoods  post  of  the  American  Legion,  was  in  charge  of  Eli  Perkins 
It  included  a  large  tepee  and  small  tepee,  an  Indian  fish  trap, 
garments,  bead  work  and  other  things. 

"When  the  various  displays  were  judged,  that  on  engineer- 
ing, which  was  in  charge  of  Frank  Howard,  was  awarded  first  place; 
an  exhibit  of  mechanics,  with  John  H.  Wolf  in  charge,  ranked  second; 
and  a  safety-first  demonstration,  in  charge  of  Ben  G-oodbird  was 
third. 

"The  principal  speech  of  the  day  was  made  by  Peter  Beau- 
champ,  a  member  of  the  tribal  council,  who  said  that  Indians  are 
learning  now  to  provide  their  own  livelihood  and  to  engage  in  profit- 
able pursuits  which  may  be  available  to  them  on  the  reservation. 
He  complimented  the  present  federal  administration  on  its  Indian 
policy." 


27 


BUFFALO  NICKEL  TO  BE  MINTED  NO  LONGER 


At  the  end  of  June,  which  marks  the  close  of  the  fiscal 
year,  the  buffalo-Indian  nickel  will  be  coined  no  more,  according 
to  the  Office  of  the  Director  of  the  United  States  Mint. 

More  than  a  billion  -  to  be  exact,  1,210,796,248  -  of 
this  coin  of  distinctive  American  design  had  been  minted  by  the 
end  of  March  of  this  year. 

The  Indian  uickel,  which  was  first  struck  off  in  1913, 
was  designed  by  James  Earle  Fraser,  eminent  Minnesota  sculptor, 
among  whose  other  well-known  works  are  "The  End  Of  The  Trail",  and 
a  number  of  pieces  in  Washington,  D.  C,  including  the  John  Eric- 
cson  Monument,  the  bust  of  Theodore  Roosevelt  in  the  Senate  Cham- 
ber of  the  Capitol,  the  sculpture  on  the  Constitution  Avenue  side 
of  the  new  Archives  Building,  the  two  seated  figures  at  the  front 
of  the  Supreme  Court  Building  and  the  Alexander  Hamilton  Monument 
on  the  south  side  of  the  Treasury  Building. 

There  have  been  a  number  of  versions  as  to  the  identity 
of  the  Indian  whose  profile  was  shown  on  the  nickel.  Mr.  Fraser 
cleared  up  the  controversy  by  a  letter  to  the  Indian  Office  in  1931 • 

Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs, 

United  States  Department  of  the  Interior, 

Washington,  D.  C 

Dear  Sir: 

The  Indian  head  on  the  buffalo  nickel  is  not  a  di- 
rect portrait  of  any  particular  Indian,  but  was  made  from 
several  portrait  busts  which  I  did  of  Indians.  As  a  mat- 
ter of  fact,  I  used  three  different  heads.  I  remember  two 
of  the  men:  one  was  Irontail,  the  best  Indian  head  I  can 
remember;  the  other  was  Two  Moons;  and  the  third  I  cannot 
recall . 

I  have  never  seen  Two  Guns  Whitecalf ,  nor  used  him  in 
any  way,  although  he  has  a  magnificent  head.  I  can  easily 
understand  how  he  was  mistaken  in  thinking  that  he  posed 
for  me.  A  great  many  artists  have  modeled  and  drawn  from 
him,  and  it  was  only  natural  for  him  to  believe  that  one 
of  them  was  the  designer  of  the  nickel.   I  am  sure  he  is 


28 


undoubtedly  honestly  of  the  opinion  that  his  portrait  is 
on  the  nickel. 

I  am  particularly  interested  in  Indian  affairs,  hav- 
ing aa  a  boy  lived  in  South  Dakota.  I  hope  their  affairs 
are  progressing  favorably. 

Sincerely  yours, 

J.  E.  Fraser 

One  of  the  models  mentioned  by  Mr. .Fraser  -  Irontail  - 
was  a  Sioux;  the  other,  Two  Moons,  was  an  old  hereditary  chief  of 
the  Cheyennes.  Two  Guns  Whitecalf  was  a  Blackf eet .  All  of  these 
colorful  figures  are  dead. 

The  design  of  the  new  nickel,  chosen  from  among  the  390 
models  submitted,  was  made  by  Felix  Schlag  of  Chicago.  The  head 
of  Thomas  Jefferson  will  be  shown  on  the  obverse;  the  reverse  will 
depict  Uonticello,  the  home  Jefferson  designed  and  built  for  him- 
self in  Virginia. 


CURTAIN  FOE  TONAWANDA  INDIAN  COMMUNITY  BUILDING 


H*M^*#* 


B*  »  '  "^ 


The  photograph  above  shows   the  curtain  for   the  Indian 

Community  Building  at  the  Tonawanda  Reservation,  New  York,   which 
was  painted  by  Eric  Krause  of   the  Federal  Arts   Group  in  Rochester. 
The  material  was  purchased  by  the  Social  Welfare  Department  and 
the  labor  was  furnished  by   the  Works  Progress  Administration.  Dr. 
Arthur  C.  Parker  and  Mrs.  Walter  A.  Henri cks  helped  with  suggestions 
for  the  design. 


29 


WHAT  THE  INDIAN  SERVICE  IS  DOING  FOR  ITS  CCC  WORKERS  IN  THE 
FIVE  CIVILIZED  TRIBES  AREA  OF  OKLAHOMA 
By  R.  M.  Patterson,  Supervisor, 
CCC-ID  Enrollee  Program 


This  is  the  situation  surrounding  our  welfare  program 
for  CCC-ID  enrollees  in  the  Five  Civilized  Tribes  Area: 

The  jurisdiction  includes  all  or  parts  of  40  of  Oklahoma's 
76  counties;  it  is  about  225  miles  deep  and  an  average  width  of  per- 
haps a  hundred  miles.  There  are  five  tribes  all  speaking  different 
languages  (although  English  is  spoken  by  the  majority  of  the  Indians) 
The  land  is  practically  all  allotted.   It  is  a  corn  and  cotton  coun- 
try, with  some  stock  raising  also. 

The  need  for  employment  is  urgent,  so  the  payroll  going  to 
our  average  enrollment  of  500  means  help  throughout  the  area.  About 
30  per  cent  are  employed  at  Bull  Hollow  Camp,  75  miles  northeast  of 
Muskogee;  25  per  cent  work  out  from  Blanco,  a  hundred  miles  south 
of  Muskogee;  about  5  per  cent  work  at  Tuskahoma,  where  the  ancient 
Choctaw  Council  House  is  being  restored  as  a  community  center;  and 
the  remaining  50  per  cent  work  out  from  Stilwell  and  Tahlequah. 
Some  of  the  CCC-ID  projects  center  around  boarding  camps;  others 
draw  on  men  living  at  home. 

In  this  large  and  varied  area  the  CCC-ID  is  not  only  try- 
ing to  accomplish  certain  physical  projects;  it  is  also  carrying  on 
a  program  of  welfare,  instruction  and  recreation  for  its  Indian 
workers.  Moreover,  it  is  trying  to  tie  in  this  program  with  the 
economic  and  social  needs  of  the  whole  Five  Civilized  Tribes  Area. 


What  Five  Tribes  Enrollees  Learn 

Briefly,  the  plan  of  training  may  be  described  as  a  four- 
point  program  embracing  the  following  kinds  of  instruction: 

1.  Project  training,  derived  from  camp  and 
job  operations  and  the  development  of  skills  therefrom, 
such  as  clerical  work,  road-building  skills,  including 
stone  masonry,  auto  mechanics,  machinery  operation  and 
repair,  blacksmithing,  carpentry  and  concrete  work. 
Important  also  is  incidental  training  in  erosion  belt 


30 


farming  techniques:   the  gully  and  erosion-control  proj- 
ects which  the  men  see  going  on  all  around  them  are  fine 
training  in  revegetation,  contour  farming  and  strip-crop- 
ping, from  which  every  Oklahoma  farmer  can  profit. 

2-  Vocational  training:  Non-job-connected 
skills,  such  as  subsistence  gardening,  agronomy  and  live- 
stock management. 

3«   Cultural  training:   Both  academic  and  avoca- 
tional  work  in  native  arts  and  crafts  and  training  in 
citizenship. 

4.  Health  training,  such  as  training  in  person- 
al hygiene,  principles  of  nutrition,  practical  sanitation 
and  safety  training  (including  safe  driving  technique). 


Welfare  And  Recreation  Programs 

What  of  welfare  work  and  recreation  for  enrollees?  They 
have  stepped  off  on  the  right  foot  at  Five  Tribes:   their  scheme 
of  things  does  not  presuppose  a  large  number  of  special  facilities; 
it  takes  the  situation  "as  is"  and  does  something  about  it. 

One  specific  aid  to  an  intelligent  welfare  program  in 
this  area  are  good  records.  Two  simple  forms  are  kept.  These  are 
factual,  practical  and  reasonably  complete.  They  show  at  a  glance 
the  background,  economic  situation  and  employment  record  of  en- 
rolled men.  A  part  of  the  record  material  summarizes  the  enrollee's 
story  of  placement  and  training  -  what  was  done  to  serve  his  needs 
-  and  forms  the  basis  for  the  enrollee's  certificate  of  proficiency, 
as  authorized  by  regulations  whenever  a  good  worker  is  discharged. 
At  discharge,  a  summary  of  the  ex-enrollee ' s  cumulative  record  is 
filed  with  the  agency  employment  office. 

Another  phase  of  welfare  work  includes  individual  guidance 
and  counsel.  -  periodical  informal  interviews  in  which  the  enrolled 
man's  personal  problems,  needs  and  interests  are  discussed  by  a 
friendly  adviser.  This  procedure  gives  valuable  insight  in  in- 
service  placement  and  training. 

One  phase  of  the  welfare  program  -  a  demonstration  of  the 
acquisition  and  use  of  income  -  is  illustrated  by  the  program  at 
Bull  Hollow  Camp.  This  beautiful  camp  has  adjoining  it  a  200-acre 
level  creek  bottom  which  will  become  a  large  garden  managed  by  en- 
rolled men  during  leisure  time.  Here,  we  hope,  will  develop  a  power- 
ful silent  argument  that  wages  are  no  final  substitute  for  a  home 
ranch.  Enrolled  in  the  camp  there  will  be  some  150  hand-picked 


31 


young  men.  each  of  whom  will  receive  $5.00  spending  money  per  month, 
the  remainder  to  go  to  his  family  or  into  savings.   Sound  training 
for  this  group,  plus  the  chance  for  savings,  should  develop  some 
fine  Indian  citizens. 

Twenty  young  Indians,  through -a  cooperative  arrangement 
with  the  Army,  were  selected  for  special  training  for  a  period  of 
three  months  at  the  Rush  Springs  Junior  CCC  camp,  many  of  them  in 
key  understudy  positions  in  the  camp  office,  supply  room,  infirmary 
and  mess. 


liss&rifcj/^- 


T. t. 


Indian  CCC  Men  Working  On  The  Remodeling  Of  The  Choctaw  Council 
House  Near  Tuskahoma,  Oklahoma. 

The  recreational  plan  for  the  Five  Civilized  Tribes  jur- 
isdiction includes  competitive  sports,  inter-project  teams,  outside 
games,  home  talent  entertainments,  meetings  at  local  centers,  visual 
education  and  entertainment,  indoor  games,  hooks  and  periodicals, 
newspapers  and  radio,  group  hobbies  and  the  like. 

Who  Runs  The  Program 

A  welfare  program  such  as  the  one  described  above  does 
not  develop  out  of  thin  air;  it  is  the  result  of  careful  planning 


32 


and  cooperation  on  the  part  of  a  large  number  of  people.      The  chan- 
nels are  obvious  and  simple:      Superintendent  Landman  reserves,   of 
course,    administrative  decisions  and  approvals  to  himself  and  is 
active  in  the  planning  and  coordinating  phases;   Senior  Project 
Manager  H.    C.   Miller  is   in  charge  of  CCC-ID  activity  as  a  whole; 
aiding  him  is  Camp  Assistant  0.   G-.  McAninch  in  charge  of  the  en- 
rollee  program  of  welfare,    instruction  and  recreation. 

It    is  proposed  to  arrange  occasional  agency  staff  confer-, 
ences  to  keep  in  touch  with  this  program  and  to  set   up  a  small  stand- 
ing committee  composed  of,    say,    the  heads  of  Education,  Extension 
and  CCC-ID  divisions,  plus,  perhaps,   other  members  who  will  help 
to  maintain  a  wise  balance  between  the  material   and  human  values 
in  the  total  jurisdictional  land-use  problem. 

The  feeling  of  civic  responsibility,    of  growth,    of  work, 
is  evident   all   down  the  line. 

Twentieth  Century   Indians 

Here  is  an  example  of  the  development  of  this  responsibility. 
Nobody  could  witness   the  boss  of  the  Choctaw  crew  bringing  his  tired 
men  into  Blanco;  kindly  and  firmly  turning  down  two  men  who  wanted 
immediate   store  credit   on  the  strength  of  a  few  days'   enrollment; 
saying  "yes,   your're  on"    to  the  two  men  who  had  hiked  sixteen  miles 
for  that  good  word  and  immediately  started  hiking  back  -  almost 
double-timing   because   the  chance  to  work  had  lifted  their  hearts; 
arranging  with  a  visiting  official  to  have  some  condemned  salvage 
tentage  trucked  out  to  the  family  camped  under   the  cliff  in  the 
open  because  the  man  had  just  enrolled  and  moved  in  near  Project 
#31;   and  finishing  his  day  by  organizing  an  impromptu  concert   (two 
guitars,    one  banjo  and  a  fiddle)  -  nobody  could  witness  all   this 
without  realizing  that  CCC-ID 's  "total"  problem  is  essentially  the 
total  Indian  problem  and  that  such  men  as  this  Choctaw  know  how  to 
solve  it. 

And  nobody  could  visit   the  blacksmith  shop  at   Stilwell 
without  realizing  that  native  arts  and  crafts  are  living.      There 
are  Enrollee  Jesse  Foreman's  wood  carvings:      they  are  spontaneous 
on  his  part ;    they  are   indigenous  and  they  are  Indian.     There  is 
blacksmith  Dick  Smith's  bow  of  Bodark  wood  with  the  squirrel  hide 
bowstring.      I    think  that   Smith's  favorite  arrow  is  a  symbol  of  our 
whole  program.     The  arrow  is  a  shaft  of  native  wood  with  hawk's 
feathers  -  conventional   enough.     But  the  point  is  made  of  automo- 
bile spring  steel,   runs  halfway  up  the   shaft  and   Dalances  perfect- 
ly,  is  like  no  arrowhead  you  ever  saw  before,   and  is   in  frequent 
use  in  regular  neighborhood  shoots.      Smith  may  have  obtained  his 
idea  from  a  drill-head;   anyway,   it  is   efficient.     There  you  are  - 
Smith's   shooting  outfit   is  not  for  tourist   trade  but  for  use;   it  is 
indigenous   and  it  is   Indian  -  twentieth  century  Indian. 


33 


INDIANS   IN  THE  NEWS 


Cheyennes  Of  Tongue  River  Reservation,  Montana,    Buy  Cattle 
In  Texas;   Discuss  Ca.ttle   Business 

(Note:     "Indians  At  Work"  will  print,   from  time  to   time, 
interesting  excerpts  from  local  newspaper  accounts   of  events   in- 
volving Indians.) 

From  the  "Herald-Post" ,  El  Paso,  Texas :  Four  Indians, 
leaders  of  the  Cheyenne  Tribe  of  Lame  Deer,  Montana  are  in  El  Paso 
today  to  buy  2,000  head  of  cattle  for  their  people.  The  Indians 
are:  Pat  Spotted  Wolf,  John  Stands-In-Timber,  Eugene  Fisher  and 
Little  John  Russell.  Spotted  Wolf  sees  economic  independence  a- 
head  for   the  tribe. 

"This   is  way  it   should  be,"   he  said.      "Indians  run  their 
own  business."     He's  the  fifty-one-year-old  chairman  of   the  Steer 
Enterprise  Committee  of  the  tribe. 

They  will  buy  the  cattle  in  the  Southwest  under  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Wheeler -Howard  Act  of  1934  through  whose  loan  fund 
the  tribes   can  borrow  from  the  federal  government. 

This  is  the  second  trip  made  by  the  committee.   Last  year, 
Stands-In-Timber  and  Spotted  Wolf  bought  1,936  head  of  cattle  in 
the  Southwest. 

"We  will   sell   this  fall  about  1,500  head  of  the  cattle  we 
bought  last   spring,"   Spotted  Wolf  said. 

The  Indians  discussed  the  Wheeler-Howard  Bill  with  interest. 

"Everybody  in  tribe  shares   in  profits,"   Spotted  Wolf  said. 
"Good  business.     We  like  law.      Some  don't.     We  want   to  keep   it.' 

Stands-In-Timber   told  of  visiting  the  Navajos   in  Arizona 
en  route   to  El  Paso.      "I  read  in  magazine  of  Interior  Department  all 
about  Navajos,   what  fine    tribe  they  are,   how  fine   they  are   doing 
with  their  grazing  and  their  weaving,"   he   said. 

"We  visit  them  in  hogans.     Our  conditions  better."      Some- 
thing like  a  smile  played  around  his  mouth.      "We  have  houses,    fur- 
niture.    They  don't.     Our  lend  looks  better.     Navajos  good  Indians." 

The  past  year  was  the  best  for  the  tribe  in  eight  years, 
Spotted  Wolf  said.  The  reservation  embraces  500,000  acres.  (April 
25,   1938.) 

34 


SEMINOLES  PARTICIPATE  IN  FLORIDA  STATE  FAIR 


Superintendent  F.J.  Scott  writes  from  the  Seminole  Agency 
at  Dania,  Florida,  that  Seminoles  took  a  creditable  part  in  the 
recent  state  fair  held  at  Tampa.  The  illustration  below  shows  the 
fine  Hereford  calves  which  were  exhibited. 


Charlie  Osceola,  Seminole,  And  Fred  Montsdeoca,  Indian 

Service  Stockman,  With  the  Hereford  Calves  Exhibited 

By  The  Seminoles  At  The  Florida  State  Fair. 


PAWNEE  FOOD  PRAYER 


At  ius Father , 

Ha Behold,    Thou, 

Wahwahte — I  eat. 
Is-tewat — Look,    Thou, 
Askururit-- Together  we  are; 
Wetah  tsi  ha  ka  wa  tsi   sta  - 
Now  we   take  food. 

*   *   *  * 


35 


FORUM  ON  INDIAN  AFFAIRS  TO  BE  HELD  AT  SEATTLE 

By  Lawrence  E.  Lindley, 
Washington  Representative,  Indian  Rights  Association 

The  Forum  on  the  American  Indian  as  a  special  group  as- 
sociated with  the  National  Conference  of  Social  Work  will  have  three 
meetings  during  the  National  Conference  at  Seattle,  Washington. 

The  Forum  was  organized  at  the  National  Conference  at  At- 
lantic City  in  1936  to  continue  the  programs  of  the  Committee  on 
the  American  Indian  of  the  National  Conference  from  1928  to  1936. 

The  meetings  scheduled  for  this  year  are  as  follows: 

Thursday,  June  30.  2; 00  to  3:30  P.M.  Dr.  Henry  Hoe  Cloud, 
Supervisor  of  Indian  Education,  presiding  officer 

1.  Present -Day  Problems  of  the  Northwest  Indians; 
leader,  Dr.  Erna  Gunther,  Department  of  Anthropology, 
University  of  Washington,  Seattle,  Washington. 

2.  Adult  Education  In  An  Indian  Community. 
William  0.  Roberts,  Superintendent  of  Pine  Eidge 
Agency . 

Thursday,  June  30.  7;00  P.M. 

At  this  dinner  meeting  the  Indians  in  attendance  at 
the  Conference  will  give  short  talks  about  their  work. 
This  custom  has  been  followed  for  many  years.  Moving 
pictures,  "Presenting  the  Indian  Problem"  will  be 
shown  by  Homer  L.  Morrison,  Superintendent  of  Indian 
Education  in  the  State  of  Washington,  State  Depart- 
ment of  Education,  Olympia,  Washington. 

Friday,  July  1.  2;00  to  3:30  P.M. 

General  Topic  -  Cooperation  In  Indian  Affairs. 

1.  Functions  of  Federal  and  Local  Agencies. 
(Speaker  to  be  secured) 

2.  Cooperation  in  Indian  Education. 
(Speaker  Jbo  be  secured) 

3.  Cooperation  in  Social  Security. 

Jane  Hoey,  Director  of  Bureau  of  Assistance,   So- 
cial  Security  Board,  Washington,   D.    C. 

It   is  planned  to  allow  time  for  questions  and  general  dis- 
cussion at  all   sessions. 

The  work  of  the  Forum  on  the  American  Indian  is  in  charge 
of  an  Executive  Committee  of  twenty  in  addition  to  the  officers  who 
are:     Lawrence  E.  Lindley,    Indian  Rights  Association,    Chairman;  Mrs. 
Henry  Roe  Cloud,  Vice-Chairman;   and  Father  J.   B.   Tennelly,   Bureau 
of  Catholic  Indian  Mission,    Secretary-Treasurer. 

36 


CCC-ID  PERSONNEL  AT  FIVE  TRIBES  AGENCY.    OKLAHOMA. 
(JET  FIRST-AID  CERTIFICATES 


By  John  P.   Watson, 
In  Charge  CCC-ID  Safety  Personnel 

Under 
the  leadership  of 
Instructor  Edwin 
Hoklotubbe,   eight- 
een men  in  the 
CCC-ID  at  the 
Five  Civilized 
Tribes  Agency  were 
recently  awarded 
American  Red  Cross 
Certificates. 

First- 
aid  instruction 
is  mandatory  in 
the  program  of   the 
CCC  Safety  Division.     Many  projects  -  as  for  example,    truck  trail 
construction,    the  building  of  bridges,    stock  water  reservoirs,    im- 
pounding dams  for  flood  control,   and  reforestation  and  fire-fight- 
ing work  -  are  carried  on  in  places  remote  from  medical  facilities. 
All   supervisory  personnel,   leaders  and  assistant  leaders,    truck 
drivers  and  machine  operators  are  required  to  hold  American  Red 
Cross  Standard  First-Aid  Certificates,    and  all  enrolled  men  axe 
urged  to  take  advantage  of   opportunities  for  first-aid   instruction. 


-  V** 

' 

r-M 

9 

p^ 

■  't»  '"♦i jj»i  A 

L>J  R~-* 

m 

V 

<«.  «-••  ■        ..-.*" 

■r'^-^s 

^^^"*P 

Various  Types  Of  Firat-Aid  Treatment 


***** 
EUROPEAN  WOMAN  DECLINES  TO  COME  TO  AMERICA  -  FEARS   INDIANS 


A  San  Francisco  newspaper  relates   that  a  German  seaman 
told  naturalization  officials  in  that  city  that  his  wife  was  afraid 
to  come  to   California  to  live  because  of  the  Indians.     The  husband, 
who  has  been  admitted  to  citizenship,    explained  to  officials   that 
his   son  would  join  him,   but   that  so  far  he  had  been  unable  to  per- 
suade his  wife  to  leave  home-     "She  read  a  lot   of  stories  about  the 
Indians  when   she  was  young" ,  he  said,    "and  she  thinks  the  United 
States,   especially  the  western  part,    is  a  dangerous  place." 


37 


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38 


WASHINGTON  OFFICE  VISITORS 


Recent  visitors  in  the  Washington  Office  have  included: 

General  Superintendent  Sophie  D.  Aberle,  of  the  United 
Pueblos  Agency  in  New  Mexico;  Superintendent  H.  A.  Andrews,  of  the 
Quapaw  Agency  in  Oklahoma;  Superintendent  John  W.  Dady,  of  the  Mis- 
sion Agency  in  California;  Superintendent  Charles  L,  Ellis,  of  the 
Osage  Agency  in  Oklahoma;  Superintendent  H.  K.  Meyer,  of  the  Col- 
ville  Agency  in  Washington;  Superintendent  William  0-  Roberts,  of 
the  Pine  Ridge  Agency  in  South  Dakota;  Superintendent  Claude  R. 
Whitlock,  of  the  Rosebud  Agency  in  South  Dakota;  and  Superintendent 
Robert  Yellowtail,  of  the  Crow  Agency  in  Montana. 

Included  in  this  group  of  recent  visitors  is  the  follow- 
ing list  of  tribal  council  members: 

Pine  Ridge  Tribal  Council:  Charles  Brooks,  Peter  Bull 
Bear,  Cornelius  T.  Craven,  James  Grass,  Sr.,  Charles  Little  Hawk, 
James  H.  Red  Cloud,  Charles  Spotted  Bear,  Henry  Standing  Bear, 
Thomas  White  Cow  Killer,  and  Frank  G.  Wilson,  Chairman. 

Rosebud  Tribal  Council:   T.  F.  Whiting,  Homer  Whirlwind 
Soldier,  and  George  H.  Lamoreaux. 

Tongue  River  Tribal  Council:  William  Red  Cherries,  Vice- 
Chairman,  Charles  Bear  Comes  Out,  and  Rufus  Wallowing. 

The  following  group  of  Osage  Indians  from  Oklahoma,  in- 
cluding members  of  the  Osage  Tribal  Council,  also  visited  here  re- 
cently:  Mrs.  Mamie  Bolton,  Robert  Bolton,  Fi delis  Cole,  Louis  De 
Noya,  Ralph  Hamilton,  Harry  Kohpay,  Assistant  Chief,  Chief  Fred 
Lookout,  Mrs.  Fred  Lookout,  Thomas  Leahy,  John  Joseph  Mathews, 
Edgar  McCarthy,  Dick  Petsemoie,  George  Pits,  Roan  Horse,  John  Wa- 
goshe,  Mrs-  Daisy  Ware  and  her  niece  Edith  Ware,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Abe  White. 

Another  group  of  Sioux  Indians  from  Pine  Ridge  Agency 
in  South  Dakota  also  visited  here.  They  are:   Ben  American  Horse, 
Dan  Bad  Wound,  Robert  Bad  Wound,  James  Holy  Eagle,  Oliver  Left  Her- 
on, Louis  Roubideaux,  Frank  Short  Horn,  and  Joshua  Spotted  Owl. 

Other  visitors  have  included;  Roley  Canard,  Principal 
Chief  of  the  Creek  Nation;  G.  B.  Fulton,  attorney  for  the  Osages; 
George  M.  Nyce,  Range  Supervisor,  from  the  Billings  Office  in  Mon- 
tana; and  Mr.  H.  W.  Quackenbush  of  the  Mission  Agency  in  California. 


39 


FROM  A  HALT -ACRE  GARDEN 

By  George  H.  Blakeslee,  Field  Aid 
Lac  Courte  Oreilles  Sub-Agency,  Great  Lakes  Indian  Agency, 

Ashland,  Wisconsin. 


The  pictures  below  are  of  John  H.  Lonestar  and  his  wife, 
Rebecca  Hart  Lonestar,  members  of  the  St.  Croix  band  of  Chippewa 
Indians.   They  live  on  Mr.  Lonestar's  non-reservation,  non-restricted 
allotment,  about  three  miles  south  of  Spooner,  Wisconsin. 


From  a  half -acre  garden  tract  Mr.  Lonestar  reports  a 
crop  of  fifty-five  bushels  of  potatoes;  twenty  bushels  of  sweet 
corn;  one  hundred  pounds  of  dry  beans;  eighty  squash;  one  hundred 
and  twenty  heads  of  cabbage;  eighty  pumpkins;  fifteen  bushels  of 
tomatoes,  in  addition  to  ample  quantities  of  carrots,  beets  and 
other  garden  vegetables.   I  saw  the  garden  many  times  during  the 
season  and  also  saw  most  of  the  harvested  crop.   I  can  testify 
to  the  excellent  quality  of  the  products  and  to  the  careful,  pains- 
taking and  efficient  methods  employed  in  their  production. 

Not  only  was  their  garden  a  success;  of  even  more  impor- 
tance was  the  thorough  manner  in  which  it  was  stored,  canned  and 
preserved  for  future  use. 

Mrs.  Lonestar  not  long  ago  proudly  exhibited  to  me  her 
crowded  shelves  of  canned  fruits,  vegetables,  preserves  and  jellies. 


40 


She  had  put  up  in  all  the  amazing  total  of  1,246  pints  of  fruits  and 
vegetables . 

In  addition  she  canned  twenty  quarts  of  home-grown  chick- 
en, and  there  was  a  large  stone  jar  filled  with  eggs,  preserved  in 
water  glass-  A  large  supply  of  wild  rice  was  harvested  nearby. 

The  potatoes  and  most  of  the  vegetable  seeds  were  obtained 
from  a  garden  loan  from  the  tribal  organization. 


GREY  OWL,  WELL-KNOWN  CANADIAN  INDIAN  NATUKALIST.  DIES 
By  Roy  E.  Hawkinson 


Grey  Owl,  Indian  author,  lecturer  and  conservationist  died 
April  13  at  Beaver  Lodge,  Prince  Albert  National  Park,  Saskatchewan, 
Canada.   Grey  Owl  was  born  in  1888  of  mixed  Scottish  and  Indian  par- 
entage. He  has  been  a  trapper,  a  silver  miner,  a  forest  ranger,  a 
soldier  in  the  World  War,  a  canoeman,  a  packer  and  a  guide-  He  gave 
up  trapping  in  1928,  and,  with  nis  wife,  devoted  the  remainder  of 
his  life  to  conservation  issues.  He  was  particularly  attached  to 
beavers  and  for  ten  years  worked  toward  the  protection  of  these  ani- 
mal friends  of  conservation.  Among  his  books  are  "Pilgrims  of  the 
Wild",  "Tales  Of  An  Empty  Cabin",  "Sajo  the  Beaver",  and  "Men  of 
the  Last  Frontier." 

The  name  by  which  he  was  known  is  the  English  translation 
of  the  Chippewa  term  "Wa-Sha-Quon-Asin." 


CONTESTS  AS  A  SPUR  TO  g)ME  IMPROVEMENT 

From  the  annual  report  of  home  economics  work  on  the  Makah 
Reservation,  Neah  Bay,  Washington,  by  Mrs.  Helen  M.  Carlson,  comes 
this  story  of  Indian  enterprise. 

"Urged  on  by  the  home  improvement  contest,  one  woman  who 
had  six  children  of  her  own  in  addition  to  her  oldest  daughter's 
three,  and  only  four  rooms  in  her  house,  decided  she  must  have  more 
room.  With  her  own  hands  she  tore  down  an  old  building  for  lumber. 
She  got  an  uncle  to  help  her  build  the  frame  of  her  addition,  but 
she  did  most  of  the  work  herself.  Two  new  rooms  were  the  result." 


41 


A  SCHOOL  PLANT  IS  DEVELOPING-  BY  INDIAN  LABOR 
By  Clair  Forrest  Maynard, 
Teacher,  Bear  Creek  Day  School,  Lantry,  South  Dakota 


The  Bear  Creek  Day  School  on 
the  Cheyenne  River  Reservation  is  located 
approximately  four  miles  north  of  Lantry, 
and  in  the  north  and  central  part  of  the 
Cheyenne  River  Reservation.  Across  the 
creek  to  the  north  and  west  is  the  Bear 
Creek  Indian  village.   (Some  of  its  log 
houses  and  tents  may  be  seen  in  the  hack- 
ground  of  the  picture  on  the  left. ) 

This  new  school  plant  was  built 
during  the  summer  of  1935.   Since  then, 
we  have  tried  to  build  up  the  school 
plant  year  by  year.   Some  of  our  additions 
have  included  a  root  cellar ,  a  coal  shed 
and  shop  building  combined,  an  iae  house, 
and  many  small  projects  such  as  a  flag- 
pole, swings,  a  seesaw,  a  well  and  pump 
and  a  school  garden  and  fence.  The  labor 
for  the  buildings  and  improvements  has 
been  done  by  Indian  parents  who  have  done 

the  work  in  return  for  shoes  and  clothing,  and  from  grant  labor. 

The  teacher  has  helped  to  plan  and  advise  the  work. 

Our  most  recent  project  was  the  construction  of  the  ice 
house  and  filling  it  with  ice.  The  ice  house  was  made  underground 
with  a  roof  constructed  from  logs,  ash  poles,  willows,  straw  and 
dirt.  Our  only  cost  was  lumber  for  the  door-front  and  straw  for 
packing  the  ice. 

Nineteen  children  were  enrolled  this  year  -  all  full- 
blood  Sioux.  Our  school  is  proud  of  the  splendid  health  record 
of  its  pupils  and  the  total  absence  of  trachoma  or  any  skin  disease. 
The  pupils  have  received  many  compliments  from  Dr.  Creamer  on  their 
general  health  during  the  three  years  our  school  has  been  in  opera- 
tion. 


^^■Etjwk 


Bear  Creek  Day  School 


42 


NOTES     rHOM     WEEKLY     PROGRESS    REPORTS    OF 
CIVILIAN    CONSERVATION    CORPS  —  INDIAN    DIVISION 


Commemorating  The  Fifth  Anniver- 
sary Of  CCC  -  Rosebud  ( South  Dakota); 
Saturday,  April  23,  was  set  as  the 
date  for  commemorating  the  fifth  an- 
niversary of  the  CCC.  A  buffalo  was 
secured  from  the  Pine  Ridge  Trite 
and  a  feast  was  prepared  in  coopera- 
tion with  the  Council  representatives 
of  the  Cut  Meat,  He  Dog  and  Spotted 
Tail  Communities,  and  served  on  the 
shores  of  the  He  Dog  Lake.   It  was 
proposed  to  dedicate  the  He  Dog  Dam 
as  a  ceremonial  for  the  occasion. 

Red  Lake  (Minnesota);   On  April 
5  the  fifth  anniversary  of  the  CCC 
was  observed  at  this  agency.  Demon- 
strations of  what  had  been  accom- 
plished since  the  beginning  of  ECW 
and  CCC  on  this  reservation  took 
place.  The  attendance  was  very  good 
considering  the  fact  that  the  weath- 
er conditions  were  not  very  favor- 
able. 

G-rand  Portage  (Consolidated  Chip- 
pewa, Minnesota);  In  honor  of  the 
fifth  anniversary  of  CCC,  "open  house" 
was  held  here  on  April  5.  The  examin- 
ation of  our  records  at  this  camp  re- 
veals an  impressive  story  of  the  past 
two  years  of  operation.  Many  man-days 
of  field  labor  in  construction  work, 
fire  fighting,  fire  hazard  reduction, 
reforestation,  nursery  work  and  game 
improvement  have  been  expended  on 
this  reservation.  Some  enrollees 
have  received  training  through  the 
various  courses  taught  in  camp,  while 
many  others  have  attained  a  higher 
standard  of  living. 

Fort  Peck  (Montana);   Comments 
were  made  all  over  the  reservation 


on  the  very  fine  birthday  program 
which  was  given  by  the  various  crews 
in  honor  of  the  fifth  ^anniversary  of 
CCC.  The  program  included,  in  addi- 
tion to  other  events,  the  showing  of 
the  moving  picture  entitled  "In  Old 
Santa  Fe."  Other  programs  similar 
to  this  are  being  contemplated  in 
the  future  to  stimulate  the  interest 
of  the  crews. 

Potawatomi  (Kansas);  The  field 
day  demonstration  originally  planned 
for  April  5  to  celebrate  the  fifth 
anniversary  of  CCC  was  held  on  April 
22 .  We  had  an  ideal  day  for  the  dem- 
onstration and  the  crowd  in  attend- 
ance was  estimated  at  700.  All  of 
the  enrollees  from  all  four  reserva- 
tions were  present.  A  lecture  was 
given  by  the  project  manager  on  the 
purpose  of  terraces,  contour  farming 
and  shelterbelts,  the  principles  of 
strip-cropping,  purpose  of  masonry 
structures  and  other  interesting  and 
educational  features. 

A  demonstration  was  given  of 
modern  machinery  and  how  it  may 
operate  over  terraces-   Favorable 
reports  of  the  demonstration  were 
carried  in  all  the  local  newspapers. 

Work  At  Phoenix  School  (Arizona ) 
The  tree  project  is  almost  complete 
and  we  are  getting  started  on  the 
landscape  project.  W.  C.  Sharp. 

Construction  Of  The  Tamarack 


Point  Truck  Trail  Begun  At  Consol- 
idated Chippewa  (Minnesota)  Construc- 
tion on  the  Tamarack  Point  Truck  Trail 
and  the  Tamarack  Point  Picnic  Grounds 
was  started  recently.  The  picnic 


43 


grounds  are  being  built  on  a  small 
point  on  the  land  which  projects 
out  into  the  lake  about  one-quarter 
mile.  With  the  tall  white  birch 
trees  as  a  background  for  the  gen- 
tly sloping  sand  beach,  this  small 
point  is  unsurpassed  in  beauty  by 
any  place  along  the  north  shore. 
Leo  M.  Smith . 

Work  At  Five  Civilized  Tribes 
(Oklahoma)  Project  #202:   The 
clearing  crew  has  almost  completed 
the  right-of-way  on  this  project 
and  will  be  ready  for  the  grader 
before  long.  These  boys  have 
done  splendid  work  this  week  End 
have  made  exceptionally  good  prog- 
ress. At  this  time  of  the  year 
most  people  suffer  with  spring 
fever,  but  not  so  with  our  boys. 
This  fine  spring  weather  seems 
to  have  given  them  extra  energy 
and  they  are  getting  the  job  done 
in  a  big  way.  They  are  to  be  com- 
plimented on  the  way  they  have  been 
working.  Louis  A.  Javine . 

Range  Revegetation  At  Chilocco 
School  (Oklahoma)  Twenty-four  acres 
were  seeded  and  sodded  back  to  range 
this  week.  This  completes  one  hun- 
dred and  one  acres  that  have  been 
seeded  and  sodded  back  to  range  this 
month.  Achan  Pappan. 

Rodent  Control  At  Pyramid  Lake 
( Car  son,  Nevada )  On  the  rodent  con- 
trol project,  some  180  gophers  were 
trapped.  Some  repair  work  was  done 
on  the  Seven-Mile  Range  Rider's  Cab- 
in, putting  the  building  in  good 
shape.  Mr.  William  Joaquin,  Jr., 
with  a  crew  of  nine  men,  stayed  at 
Pyramid  Lake  to  complete  the  work  of 
spring  development ,  while  the  remain- 
der of  the  enrollees  moved  to  the  new 
CCC  camp  at  Reese  River.  While  mov- 


ing took  place,  local  Nixon  men  stayed 
on  the  job  to  complete  the  projects. 
Frank  M.  Parcher . 

Project  #11  Completed  At  Sells 
(Arizona)  Project  #11  was  completed 
this  week.  The  Indians  at  Cockleburr 
seem  quite  pleased  with  the  work  and 
are  anxious  for  the  summer  rains  to 
start  so  that  they  can  try  out  the 
new  improvements  made  on  their  flood 
irrigation  project.  M.  J.  Nolan. 

Recreational  Activities  At  Con- 
solidated Chippewa  (Minnesota)Sprjng 
is  here  and  with  it  come  more  hours 
of  daylight,  which  bring  more  out- 
door sports  such  as  baseball  and  horse- 
shoe pitching.  From  the  time  the  men 
leave  the  supper  table,  until  dark, 
one  can  hear  the  clang  of  horseshoes. 
Arguments  can  be  heard.  "Who  made 
that  ringer?"   "That's  my  shoe."  Then 
out  comes  the  old  straw;  each  shoe 
must  be  measured  to  see  which  one  is 
nearest  the  peg.  James  W.  McCutcheon. 

Erection  Of  Storage  House  Begun 
At  Tomah  (Wisconsin)  The  erection 
of  a  dynamite  storage  house  has  been, 
started  here.  Heretofore  we  have 
been  using  the  powder  house  at  Keshena, 
which  made  powder  storage  a  hazardous 
problem.  Special  attention  has  been 
given  to  the  location  of  this  storage 
house  in  order  to  safeguard  the  com- 
munity from  danger. 

A  small  grader  was  loaned  to  us 
by  the  Menominee  CCC  Unit  to  aid  us 
in  trail  construction.  Cooperation 
from  this  nearby  unit  has  been  of  un- 
told value. 

The  bridge  across  the  Red  River 
is  taking  on  the  appearance  of  an 
accomplishment  worthy  of  our  efforts. 
The  men  have  been  quite  enthusiastic 


44 


about  this  project  because  of  the 
fact  that  it  was  the  only  unfinished 
part  of  the  truck  trail  completed 
last  fall.  About  400  yards  of  rock 
and  dirt  were  moved  into  th*  ap- 
proaches this  week.  The  70  cater- 
pillar and  scraper  is  getting  a 
good  workout  on  this  job.  Kenneth 
G.  Abert. 

Four  men  of  this  unit  attended 
the  Caterpillar  School  at  Green  Bay 
this  week.  They  reported  that  the 
trip  was  very  interesting  and  helped 
them  a  great  deal  in  understanding 
the  new  and  older  type  tractors. 

Camp  Maintenance  At  Chin  Lee 
(Navajo  -  Arizona) Everyone  in  camp 
this  week  was  busy  cleaning  their 
barracks  and  camp  grounds  each  eve- 
ning. Much  improvement  has  been 
shown  within  the  past  few  weeks. 

In  the  future,  we  will  have  a 
new  camp  system.  Bach  enrollee  will 
have  a  certain  number  of  duties  to 
perform  in  camp,  and  in  this  manner, 
everyone  will  have  an  equal  share 
in  the  upkeep  of  the  camp .  The  boys 
work  hard  all  day  long,  but  they  re- 
spond to  any  duty  call  which  is  is- 
sued in  camp.   This  is  very  much  ap- 
preciated by  all  concerned.  The 
camp  looks  clean  and  neat  and  every- 
body enjoys  living  in  a  nice  clean 
and  healthy  place.  W.  B.  Lorentino, 
Leader . 

Timberstand  Improvement  At  Ke- 
shena  (Wisconsin)  The  timberstand 
improvement  crews  have  been  going 
over  part  of  the  area  worked  last 
winter  and  cleaning  up  some  of  the 
slash  and  wood.  About  fifty  large 
loads  of  wood  have  been  gathered  up 
and  hauled  in. 

Recently,  all  the  machine  oper- 


ators attended  the  Caterpillar  School 
at  Green  Bay.  The  trip  proved  to  be 
educational  as  well  as  recreational. 
Walter  Ridlington,  Project  Manager . . 

Maintenance  Of  Winding  Stair 
Mountain  Truck  Trail  At  Choctaw-Chick- 
asaw Sanatorium  (Oklahoma)  Work  was 
started  on  the  maintenance  of  Wind- 
ing Stair  Mountain  Truck  Trail  in 
the  early  part  of  April  and  good  re- 
sults are  being  obtained.  Due  to  the 
heavy  rainfall  in  this  section  dur- 
ing the  month  of  April,  the  trail 
was  washed  out  considerably,  making 
it  very  rough.  This  is  a  winding 
mountain  trail  which  is  very  steep 
in  places  and  washes  out  easily  aft- 
er heavy  rains. 

It  is  very  important,  from  a 
fire  protection  point  of  view,  since 
men  may  be  quickly  transported  over 
this  trail  when  fires  threaten  from1 
that  side  of  the  reserve.  Tony  Whit- 
lock.  Leader. 

Baseball  Activities  Begun  At 
Northern  Idaho  ( Idaho )  Due  to  the 
fact  that  the  baseball  season  has 
started,  the  boys  are  busy  practic- 
ing for  their  games  to  be  played 
this  year.  We  should  have  a  pretty 
good  team  and  we  believe  that  we  will 
be  able  to  "take"  most  of  the  regu- 
lar CCC  teams  in  this  area.  Harold 
R.  Wing,  Project  Manager . 

Terrace  Construction  At  Potawa- 
tomi  (Kansas)  The  terracing  crew  is 
progressing  rapidly  with  the  terrace 
construction  work  and  will  be  finish- 
ed very  soon,  at  which  time  we  will 
move  the  power  machinery  to  another 
reservation  for  operation.  One  crew 
is  making  concrete  blocks  to  be  used 
in  terrace  outlets  and  another  crew 
is  constructing  terrace  outlet  struc- 
tures. P.  Bverett  Sperry. 


45 


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